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DAT Prep/Biology/Genetics and Development

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Classical and chromosomal genetics

Mendel’s experiments and laws Genotype, phenotype, dominance, and recessiveness Monohybrid crosses Dihybrid crosses and independent assortment Product, sum, and conditional probability rules Testcrosses and backcrosses Pedigree analysis Incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles Epistasis, pleiotropy, penetrance, and expressivity Polygenic inheritance and environmental effects Sex-linked and sex-influenced inheritance Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic inheritance Genetic linkage and recombination Gene mapping with recombination frequencies Chromosome structure, karyotypes, and chromosome theory Nondisjunction, aneuploidy, and polyploidy Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations

Molecular genetics and gene expression

Evidence that DNA is the genetic material DNA structure and antiparallel strands Semiconservative DNA replication DNA polymerases, leading strand, and lagging strand Telomeres and telomerase Mutations and mutagens DNA-repair mechanisms Transcription RNA processing: caps, tails, and splicing Alternative splicing and RNA types Genetic code and translation Ribosomes, tRNA, and protein synthesis Post-translational modification and protein targeting Prokaryotic gene regulation: lac and trp operons Eukaryotic transcriptional regulation Enhancers, silencers, transcription factors, and regulatory RNA

Epigenetics and genomics

Chromatin remodeling, histones, and DNA methylation X-inactivation and genomic imprinting Noncoding DNA, repetitive DNA, and transposable elements Genome organization and comparative genomics Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics Human genetic disorders and multifactorial inheritance

Genetic technology

PCR Gel electrophoresis Restriction enzymes and recombinant DNA Plasmids, cloning vectors, and genomic/cDNA libraries Southern, Northern, and Western blotting DNA probes, microarrays, and gene-expression analysis Sanger and next-generation sequencing CRISPR-Cas systems Transgenic organisms, cloning, and gene therapy

Developmental mechanisms

Gametogenesis and fertilization Cleavage, morula, and blastula/blastocyst formation Gastrulation and formation of the three germ layers Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm derivatives Neurulation and organogenesis Cell determination and differentiation Induction, morphogens, positional information, and homeotic genes Stem cells, developmental apoptosis, and reproductive cloning Integrated inheritance, molecular genetics, and development problems

Topics

Gametogenesis and fertilization Cleavage, morula, and blastula/blastocyst formation Gastrulation and formation of the three germ layers Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm derivatives Neurulation and organogenesis Cell determination and differentiation Induction, morphogens, positional information, and homeotic genes Stem cells, developmental apoptosis, and reproductive cloning Integrated inheritance, molecular genetics, and development problems

Developmental mechanisms

Gametogenesis and fertilization

Summary

Practice Questions

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