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DAT Prep/Biology/Structure and Function of Systems

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Homeostasis and tissues

Homeostasis and feedback loops Thermoregulation and temperature balance Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle and nervous tissue

Integumentary system

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis Skin functions, glands, hair, nails, and temperature control

Skeletal system

Bone structure and compact versus spongy bone Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, remodeling, and calcium storage Axial and appendicular skeletons Cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joints

Muscular system

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle Sarcomere structure and sliding-filament theory Neuromuscular junction and excitation-contraction coupling Muscle energy systems, fatigue, and fiber types

Circulatory system

Blood components and hematopoiesis Hemoglobin, blood types, and clotting Heart anatomy and pulmonary versus systemic circulation Cardiac conduction and the cardiac cycle Arteries, veins, and capillaries Blood pressure, resistance, and flow Capillary exchange and tissue fluid

Lymphatic and immune systems

Lymphatic vessels, nodes, spleen, and thymus Innate immunity, inflammation, complement, and phagocytes Antigen presentation and major histocompatibility complexes B cells, antibodies, and humoral immunity T cells and cell-mediated immunity Primary versus secondary immune responses Vaccines, passive immunity, allergies, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency

Digestive system

Digestive-system anatomy and tissue organization Mechanical digestion, motility, and peristalsis Digestive enzymes and chemical digestion Absorption in the small and large intestines Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Nutrient storage and regulation of blood glucose

Respiratory system

Respiratory anatomy and ventilation Pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation Gas exchange and partial-pressure gradients Oxygen and carbon-dioxide transport Hemoglobin dissociation curve and respiratory regulation

Urinary system

Kidney anatomy and nephron organization Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption and secretion Loop of Henle and countercurrent multiplication Concentrating and diluting urine ADH, aldosterone, RAAS, and atrial natriuretic peptide Water, electrolyte, blood-pressure, and acid-base regulation

Nervous and sensory systems

Neuron structure and glial cells Resting membrane potential Action potentials and refractory periods Synaptic transmission and neurotransmitters Central and peripheral nervous systems Somatic versus autonomic nervous systems Sympathetic versus parasympathetic divisions Reflex arcs Sensory receptors and sensory adaptation Touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception Vision Hearing and equilibrium Taste and smell

Endocrine system

Peptide versus steroid hormones and receptor mechanisms Hypothalamus and anterior/posterior pituitary Thyroid and parathyroid glands Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla Pancreatic hormones and glucose regulation Pineal gland, gonadal hormones, and endocrine feedback

Reproductive system

Male reproductive anatomy and spermatogenesis Male reproductive hormones Female reproductive anatomy and oogenesis Ovarian and menstrual cycles Fertilization and implantation Placenta, pregnancy hormones, fetal circulation, birth, and lactation Integrated organ-system regulation during exercise, fasting, stress, and dehydration

Topics

Kidney anatomy and nephron organization Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption and secretion Loop of Henle and countercurrent multiplication Concentrating and diluting urine ADH, aldosterone, RAAS, and atrial natriuretic peptide Water, electrolyte, blood-pressure, and acid-base regulation

Urinary system

Water, electrolyte, blood-pressure, and acid-base regulation

Summary

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